Job Accommodation Network
Individuals may have limitations that interfere with the ability to access computers. Traditionally, a computer user accesses a computer with a standard point and click mouse and a QWERTY keyboard (named for the top left-hand side of the rows). Individuals with physical and/or developmental limitations may not be able to use these standard computer input devices effectively so may benefit from using alternatives. Standard keyboards are made for typists who use two hands and ten fingers; alternative input devices are made for computer users with a variety of limitations, including individuals with no hand or finger movement. Individuals with these limitations may benefit from alternative input devices if they have tremors or spasticity, lack of coordination, loss of vision, paralysis or numbness, and/or a decline in cognitive function.
Alternative computer input devices come in many shapes and sizes to accommodate a variety of limitations. Available alternative input devices replace the "traditional" keyboard and mouse, translating the movements of a user into directly proportional movements of the computer mouse pointer. Alternative input devices allow the user to activate a computer in a variety of ways, such as using his/her feet, head, eye, mouth, breath, thumb, or a single finger. Some devices are activated by motion while others can be controlled with nerve or muscle signals, even brain activity and mind energy.
This publication is a non-inclusive list of alternative computer input devices typically used by individuals with upper and lower extremity limitations. If you would like additional information contact the Job Accommodation Network (JAN) directly. JAN also has information on alternative input devices designed specifically to accommodate individuals with cognitive and sensory impairments.
| SOFTWARE | USE OF HANDS AND FEET | USE OF SPEECH |
| USE OF HEAD | USE OF BREATH AND MOUTH | USE OF EYES | USE OF FEET | ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL UNITS
Software programs assist people who use alternative input devices are available. Some software actually comes imbedded in computer operating systems. Operating systems, such as Microsoft Windows, have accessibility options like Sticky Keys, which let the user press a modifier key, such as Shift, Ctrl, or Alt and have it remain active until another key is pressed. For additional information on your operating system's features, visit the operating system's homepage or access the system's help feature.
On-screen keyboards, sometimes called keyboard emulators, are software programs that display virtual keyboards on computer screens. A user can then "type" data using an alternative input device. Recent versions of Microsoft Windows come with on-screen keyboard options, which have basic capabilities. For more extensive capabilities, several companies sell on-screen keyboard computer programs. For additional information about on-screen keyboards, visit: <http://www.jan.wvu.edu/cgi-win/OrgQuery.exe?Alt63>.
Word prediction software displays a menu of words that typically follow the word just typed. Word completion software displays sample words after typing part of a word. Macro software allows users to complete several steps of a task in a few programmed keystrokes. Often these software programs are packaged together. For additional information, visit: <http://www.jan.wvu.edu/cgi-win/OrgQuery.exe?LD46>.
Morse code software is based on a modified military Morse code, which involves a system where dots and dashes are combined to form codes representing all the characters on the keyboard. Morse code software is offered as freeware or bundled with input devices such as switches. For additional information use a search engine such as Yahoo! to locate Morse code freeware.
The following pages discuss alternative computer input devices: use of hands and fingers, use of speech, use of head, use of breath and mouth, use of eyes, and use of feet. This is not an all inclusive list. Please contact JAN directly for specific information.
Among the alternative computer input devices that can be operated by hands and fingers are alternative/ergonomic, miniature, expanded, and one-handed keyboards; switches; handwritten entry, touch screens, and pen systems; scanners; and alternative mice (touchpads, joysticks, and trackballs). For information on these products visit JAN's Searchable Online Accommodation Resource (SOAR) <http://www.jan.wvu.edu/soar> and contact JAN directly.
Alternative keyboards, sometimes called ergonomic keyboards, can be used by individuals with various impairments but are especially beneficial to individuals who experience pain and fatigue when keyboarding. Alternative keyboards come in many sizes and shapes: fixed split keyboards, adjustable split, or contoured. Many increase typing comfort, and several can be positioned to accommodate individual preferences, including negative and positive tilt adjustments. For additional information on alternative keyboards, visit: <http://www.jan.wvu.edu/cgi-win/OrgQuery.exe?Alt64>.
Alternative mice are variations of "traditional" click and point mice. An alternative mouse is usually designed to help accommodate individuals with various fine motor limitations, spasticity, or other gripping limitations. For example, an individual who cannot grip a traditional mouse due to arthritis, carpal tunnel, or a hand injury may be able to move a cursor effectively with a glidepoint, trackball, or joystick. For additional information on alternative mice, visit:
<http://www.jan.wvu.edu/cgi-win/OrgQuery.exe?Alt65>.
Expanded keyboards are typically flat, smooth, and have larger keys (i.e., one-inch square); most have a clear Mylar cover and many are waterproof. For additional information on expanded keyboards, visit:
<http://www.jan.wvu.edu/cgi-win/OrgQuery.exe?Alt66>.
Pen tablet systems, handwritten entry, and touch screens allow users to control computers with direct pen-on-screen input and fingertip-on-screen control. For additional information on these alternative input devices, visit: <http://www.jan.wvu.edu/cgi-win/OrgQuery.exe?Alt67>.
Miniature keyboards are smaller than "traditional" QWERTY keyboards. They are small size alternative keyboards that are typically covered with plastic membranes. Keys are closely spaced for easy access, and the keyboard surface is very sensitive to touch. For additional information on miniature keyboards, visit:
<http://www.jan.wvu.edu/cgi-win/OrgQuery.exe?Alt68>.
One-handed keyboards and software assist individuals with no or limited use of one hand in entering data into a computer by allowing more convenient "one-handed" entry and control. For additional information on one-handed keyboards and software, visit: <http://www.jan.wvu.edu/cgi-win/OrgQuery.exe?One22>.
Scanners, sometimes called optical character recognition (OCR) technology, allow individuals to scan printed text and save it to a computer. For additional information on OCRs, visit: <http://www.jan.wvu.edu/cgi-win/OrgQuery.exe?Sol382>.
Switches, which are plugged into the computer just as any other computer input device, give full access to the standard keyboard and mouse or on-screen keyboard with one click. Graphics, symbols, and alphanumeric characters may also be used by certain software to allow the user to scan functions and activate computer processes with a click of the switch. Switches can be activated with any part of the body. For additional information on switches, visit: <http://www.jan.wvu.edu/cgi-win/OrgQuery.exe?Alt69>.
Ten keypads are separated from a keyboard and give the numeric layout of a standard desktop keyboard or ten key. These movable keypads are small and can be used left or right handed on your desktop or laptop computer. For additional information on ten keypads, visit: <http://www.jan.wvu.edu/cgi-win/OrgQuery.exe?Alt70>.
Speech recognition technology allows individuals to operate computer functions and enter computer data by voice. The speech recognition software is "trained" to recognize a user's commands, i.e., "open," "enter," and "close." The technology has several components: noise-canceling input, a speech recognition engine, vocabularies, application interfaces, and rudimentary natural-language processing. The most popular speech recognition systems are keyboard applications, which allow users to speak directly to their computers, complementing or replacing the keyboard. Visit "Speech Recognition: Options to Consider" at http://www.jan.wvu.edu/cgi-win/OrgQuery.exe?Alt62 for additional information on speech recognition software.
For information on alternative input devices that are controlled by the head, visit: <http://www.jan.wvu.edu/cgi-win/OrgQuery.exe?Alt71>.
For information on alternative input devices that are controlled using breath and mouth, visit: <http://www.jan.wvu.edu/cgi-win/OrgQuery.exe?Sol527>.
For information on alternative input devices that are controlled using the eyes, visit: <http://www.jan.wvu.edu/cgi-win/OrgQuery.exe?Alt73>.
For information on alternative input devices that are controlled using the feet, visit: <http://www.jan.wvu.edu/cgi-win/OrgQuery.exe?Alt74>.
Environmental control units (ECUs), which enable users to turn off and on lights and appliances, adjust thermostats, control switch operated battery-powered devices, and control computer equipment, are also available. Environmental control accessories such as audio visual equipment controls, bed controls, and signal controls are available. Many are operated by remote controls or are controlled by the user's voice, by touch buttons, and by timers. For additional information on ECUs, visit: <http://www.jan.wvu.edu/cgi-win/OrgQuery.exe?Sol264>.
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