Job Accommodation Network

Title I of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) limits an employer's ability to make disability-related inquiries or to require medical examinations at three stages of employment: pre-job offer, post-job offer, and during employment. This publication provides information regarding the limitations on medical inquiries and examinations during employment, specifically when an employee requests a reasonable accommodation.

Disability-related inquiries and examinations of employees must be "job-related and consistent with business necessity." According to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), the federal agency charged with enforcing the ADA, a medical inquiry or examination is job-related and consistent with business necessity when:

1. an employer has a reasonable belief, based on objective evidence, that an employee's ability to perform essential job functions will be impaired by a medical condition, or
2. an employer has a reasonable belief, based on objective evidence, that an employee will pose a direct threat due to a medical condition, or
3. an employee asks for a reasonable accommodation and the employee's disability or need for accommodation is not known or obvious, or
4. required in positions that affect public safety, such as police and fire fighters.

For additional information, visit: Enforcement Guidance: Disability-Related Inquiries and Medical Examinations of Employees under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) http://www.eeoc.gov/policy/docs/guidance-inquiries.html.

Although the ADA limits the scope of medical inquiries, it does not include forms for requesting medical information. The following pages discuss the scope of medical inquiry allowed in response to an accommodation request and provide a sample medical inquiry form that can be used when an employee requests a reasonable accommodation.

Please note that the information contained in this publication is to be used as a guide only and is not legal advice. If legal advice is needed, contact a legal service. Much of the information contained in this publication is from guidance provided by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) available at http://www.eeoc.gov.

If further information is needed, please call JAN at 800-ADA-WORK. This publication does not represent a statement of policy by the U.S. Department of Labor.

SCOPE OF MEDICAL INQUIRY IN RESPONSE TO AN ACCOMMODATION REQUEST

SAMPLE MEDICAL INQUIRY FORM

When an employee requests an accommodation and the disability or need for accommodation is not obvious, an employer may require that the employee provide medical documentation to establish that the employee has an ADA disability and needs the requested accommodation.

A. Determining whether an employee has a disability.

There is not a list of medical conditions that are considered disabilities under the ADA. A person has a disability if he/she has a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities. Therefore, to determine whether a particular employee has a disability, an employer may request medical documentation that shows whether the employee has an impairment and whether that impairment substantially limits one or more major life activities.

An employer may require that the documentation about the disability and limitations come from an appropriate health care or rehabilitation professional. Appropriate professionals include, but are not limited to, doctors (including psychiatrists), psychologists, nurses, physical therapists, occupational therapists, speech therapists, vocational rehabilitation specialists, and licensed mental health professionals.

The first step in determining whether an employee has a disability is to determine whether the employee has a physical or mental impairment. A physical impairment means any physiological disorder, or condition, cosmetic disfigurement, or anatomical loss affecting one or more of the following body systems: neurological, musculoskeletal, special sense organs, respiratory (including speech organs), cardiovascular, reproductive, digestive, genito-urinary, hemic and lymphatic, skin, and endocrine. A mental or psychological disorder includes conditions such as mental retardation, organic brain syndrome, emotional or mental illness, and specific learning disabilities.

If the employee has an impairment, the next step is to determine whether that impairment substantially limits the employee in one or more major life activities. Major life activities include functions such as caring for oneself, performing manual tasks, walking, seeing, hearing, speaking, breathing, learning, and working. This list is not an exhaustive list of all major life activities. Instead, it is representative of the types of activities that are major life activities. The term substantially limits means unable to perform or significantly restricted in performing a major life activity that the average person in the general population can perform.

The following factors should be considered in determining whether an individual is substantially limited in a major life activity: the nature and severity of the impairment; the duration or expected duration of the impairment; and the actual or expected permanent or long-term impact of the impairment.

For more information regarding the ADA's definition of disability, visit: Definition of the Term Disability (EEOC Guidance) at: http://www.eeoc.gov/policy/docs/902cm.html.

B. Determining whether an accommodation is needed.

Under the ADA, an employee is entitled to an accommodation only when the accommodation is needed because of the employee's disability; employers are not obligated to provide accommodations that an employee requests for some other reason. Therefore, an employer can ask for medical documentation to show that the requested accommodation is needed because of the employee's disability.

For more information, visit: Enforcement Guidance on Reasonable Accommodation and Undue Hardship Under the Americans with Disabilities Act, EEOC at: http://www.eeoc.gov/policy/docs/accommodation.html#requesting.

C. Determining effective accommodation options.

If an employee has a disability and needs an accommodation because of the disability, the employer must provide a reasonable accommodation, unless the accommodation poses an undue hardship. In general, an accommodation is any modification or adjustment in the work environment or in the way things are customarily done that enables an employee with a disability to enjoy equal employment opportunities. A modification or adjustment is "reasonable" if it seems reasonable on its face, meaning feasible or plausible. In addition to being reasonable, an accommodation also must be "effective" in meeting the needs of the individual. An accommodation is effective when it enables the employee to perform the essential functions of the job or to enjoy equal access to the benefits and privileges of employment that employees without disabilities enjoy.

In many cases, a reasonable accommodation will be obvious and can be made without difficulty and at little or no cost. Frequently, the individual with a disability can suggest a simple change or adjustment based on his or her life or work experience. An employer should always consult the person with the disability as the first step in considering an accommodation. In many cases the employee will be able to provide accommodation ideas. However, when an employee does not know what accommodations are appropriate, the employee's doctor may be able to provide useful accommodation suggestions.

For more information regarding the accommodation process, visit: Job Accommodation Process at http://www.jan.wvu.edu/media/JobAccommodationProcess.html.

In addition, employers can contact JAN for information about any accommodation issue, regardless of whether an employee meets the ADA's definition of disability.